List of Germanic languages
The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is a part of the Indo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.
The standard division of Germanic is into three branches,
The all descend from Proto-Germanic, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.
† denotes extinct languages.
West Germanic
Continental West Germanic
North-Sea Germanic
North Germanic
- Proto-Norse†
- Old Norse†
- West Scandinavian
- Norwegian (generally Western branch, but heavy influence from Eastern branch)
- Bokmål (official written standard)
- Høgnorsk (unofficial written standard)
- Landsmål (unofficial written standard)
- Nynorsk (official written standard)
- Riksmål (unofficial written standard)
- Vestlandsk
- Sørlandsk
- South-West Norwegian
- Bergen Norwegian/Bergensk
- North-West Norwegian
- Nord-Norsk
- Helgeland Norwegian
- Nordland Norwegian
- Troms Norwegian
- Finnmark Norwegian
- East Norwegian
- Vikvær Norwegian
- Middle East Norwegian
- Oppland Norwegian
- Østerdal Norwegian
- Midland Norwegian
- Trøndelag Norwegian
- Outer Trøndelag Norwegian
- Inner Trøndelag Norwegian
- Namdal Norwegian
- South-eastern Trøndersk
- Jamtlandic (significant influx of words from Swedish)
- Herdalian (significant influx of words from Swedish)
- Icelandic
- Gøtudanskt (Faroese Street Danish)
- Faroese
- Norn†
- Caithness Norn†
- Orkney Norn†
- Shetland Norn†
- East Scandinavian
Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages
- Insular Scandinavian
- Continental Scandinavian
East Germanic
External links
References
- ^ From early Northern Middle English (Aitken, A. J. and McArthur, T. Eds. (1979) Languages of Scotland. Edinburgh,Chambers. p. 87). McClure (1991) gives Northumbrian Old English in The Cambridge History of the English Language Vol. 5. p. 23. In the Oxford Companion to the English Language (p. 894) the 'sources' of Scots are described as "the Old English of the Kingdom of Bernicia" and "the Scandinavian-influenced English of immigrants from Northern and Midland England in the 12-13c [...]." The historical stages 'Older—Middle—Modern Scots' are used, for example, in the "Concise Scots Dictionary" (Robinson M. (ed.) (1985) the "Concise Scots Dictionary, Chambers, Edinburgh. p. xiii) and "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" (Dareau M., Pike l. and Watson, H (eds) (2002) "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" Vol. XII, Oxford University Press. p. xxxiv).
|
|
|
| Language subgroups |
|
|
| Reconstructed |
|
|
| Historical languages |
|
|
| Modern languages |
|
|
| Diachronic features |
|
|
| Synchronic features |
|
|
| Language histories |
|
|